Distances and Intervals

Just as we measure the distances in real life with kilometers, meters, centimeters, millimeters, nanometers, micrometers... we usually measure the distances between two notes in TONES and SEMITONES, which in reality is much simpler than the measurement of distances.
In music, 1 TONE is simply equal to 2 SEMITONES. And in the chromatic scale (as given below if you forgot it) the distance between each note is a semitone.

A  A#  B  C  C#  D  D#  E  F  F#  G  G#  A

So, let's take some examples for better understanding :
A - B = Tone
B - C = Semitone
E - F = Semitone
A - A# = Semitone
G - G# = Semitone

Why do we even really need to know this TONES and SEMITONES?
Well, we can easily figure out the major or minor scales for each root note if we know the pattern of tones and semitones followed, or we can easily find out the Relative minor of any major key using tones and semitones.
(I know all of this is gibberish to you now, but dw we'll be covering all of this in future articles)

Intervals
Now, on a completely unrelated note (or not ), let's talk about something known as intervals, which tell us the distance between two notes on the stave. Sounds weird, I know, I just said that Tone and Semitones tell us about the distance, but now I am saying that intervals do !?!!. Well, we can, in a way, for now, consider TONES and SEMITONES to be units of measuring the distances between notes and the Intervals to be magnitude. Lemme tell ya more about intervals and you'll get it (Hopefully)

There are various types of intervals, and for the beginner level, you need to know about 8 types - Unison, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th,6th,7th and Octave.

We find an interval by counting from the bottom note, and based on the number of notes, we give the name. In the counting, we include both the notes that we want to find the interval between.
If the Notes are on the same line/space and thereby represent the same note, they are in unison.
If the distance between them (inclusive of the two notes taken into consideration) is 2,3,4,5,6,7 or 8, then they have an interval of 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th,6th,7th and Octave, respectively.
Note that when we are talking about intervals, we are simply taking the natural notes into consideration and not the sharps and flats of the chromatic scale.